Water treatment 34

Water treatment is a fundamental process for ensuring access to safe, clean, and sustainable water supplies for domestic, industrial, and environmental purposes. This monograph presents a comprehensive study of water treatment methods, encompassing conventional and advanced technologies. It explores physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes, including coagulation–flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, membrane separation, and emerging techniques such as advanced oxidation processes and nanotechnology-based methods. Special emphasis is placed on the challenges of water pollution, the removal of emerging contaminants, and the importance of energy-efficient and cost-effective treatment solutions. The monograph also examines regulatory frameworks, water quality standards, and sustainable practices aimed at addressing the growing global demand for potable water in the context of climate change and population growth. By integrating scientific principles, engineering approaches, and case studies, this work aims to provide a valuable reference for researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and students engaged in the field of water resources and environmental management.